Central nervous system (CNS) diseases have become a major global public health challenge. With the extension of human lifespan and the intensification of population aging, the incidence of these diseases has shown a significant upward trend, yet their clinical treatment still faces critical technological bottlenecks. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders the delivery of over 98% of small-molecule drugs and nearly all macromolecular drugs into the brain, rendering conventional drug administration methods unable to achieve effective therapeutic concentrations. In recent years, brain-targeted nano-drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology have demonstrated breakthrough potential: nanocarriers can improve the efficiency of drug crossing the BBB through size effects; surface functional modifications enable precise drug delivery to the brain. This article describes the composition and function of the BBB, the types of nanocarriers, and brain-targeting strategies via functional group modifications, aiming to provide theoretical foundations and technical references for developing safe and efficient brain-targeted nano-drug delivery systems.

Targeted nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) have provided a new strategy for the precise therapy of tumor. NDDS, as novel modes of drug delivery, are capable of penetrating various biological barriers to deliver therapeutic agents precisely to tumor sites. By leveraging their unique size effect, controlled release, stimulation response, ease of modification and functionalization, these systems enhance drug stability and solubility, improve bioavailability, and reduce systemic toxicity and side effects. Consequently, they enable targeted drug delivery and theranostics, offering promising solutions to overcome the therapeutic limitations of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. This paper summarizes the advantages of NDDS, the classification, principles and targeted design strategies of nano-carriers, focuses on the types of commonly used targeting ligands and their mechanisms of action, analyzes the current developments and challenges in scalable production, in vivo transport, biocompatibility and clinical translation, and looks forward to the prospects of future applications, with the aim of providing references for the further development and clinical applications.

Vaccination against influenza serves as a critical measure for disease prevention, significantly mitigating the socio-economic impacts of influenza epidemics. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of global influenza vaccine-related patents retrieved from the PatSnap global patent database, examining multiple dimensions including patent application trends, geographical distribution, patent classifications, and rankings of key applicants. Furthermore, it investigated the technological focal points in existing patents and analyzed the patent portfolios of major applicants, with the aim of providing strategic recommendations for domestic influenza vaccine R&D and patent deployment. Statistical analysis revealed a phased growth pattern in influenza vaccine patent applications, with China and the United States dominating both technology origination and target markets. While multinational corporations like GlaxoSmithKline lead in industrial applications, China's applicants primarily consist of universities and research institutions, demonstrating lower industrialization rates. The study proposes three strategic initiatives: enhancing international collaboration for universal vaccine development, strengthening quality supervision systems, and prioritizing intellectual property protection for next-generation vaccine technologies such as nucleic acid vaccines. These recommendations aim to bolster the global competitiveness of China's influenza vaccine industry.

As a specialized agency of the United Nations, the World Health Organization (WHO) is dedicated to promoting the effective regulation of medical products across countries, ensuring that medicines, vaccines, and medical devices can sustain the normal functioning of national health systems and enable individuals from different countries to access high-quality health support. Since 2014, WHO has launched the regulatory systems strengthening (RSS) program for medical products, adopting a series of initiatives to develop a comprehensive framework that guides countries in enhancing their medical product regulatory capacities and provides crucial support for the coordinated improvement of regulatory capabilities on a global scale. This paper focuses on explaining the core initiatives under the RSS program, including the quality management system (QMS), good regulatory practices (GRP), good reliance practices (GRelP), and global competency framework (GCF), which is expected to provide references and insights to accelerate the modernization of drug administration and enhance the international competitiveness of the pharmaceutical industry in China.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide with potent vasodilatory effect, closely associated with migraine attacks. CGRP and its receptor (CGRP-R) are currently the most promising targets for the treatment and prevention of migraine. The migraine treatment drugs for CGRP mainly include CGRP-R antagonists and CGRP monoclonal antibodies. By blocking the binding of CGRP to its receptor, CGRP-R antagonists can have a similar effect on migraine as triptans, with a lower incidence of adverse reactions. They are  more effective and safe new drugs for treating migraine. The author used the incoPat database to search and count the patent applications of small molecule CGRP/CGRP-R antagonists, analyzed the overall trend of patent applications, geographical distribution, applications of important applicants, the distribution of technical fields of patent applications, and the core patents of key varieties, and tried to reflect the patent application status of small molecule CGRP/CGRP-R antagonists, reveal their development trend, and give relevant suggestions. It provides a reference for domestic pharmaceutical companies and research institutions.

Based on the new drug research and development (R&D) cooperation data of different stages from 2015 to 2021, this study explored the heterogeneity in the composition of entities and spatial structure across different stages of new drug research and development by using social network analysis, negative binomial models and other methods. It identified various types of collaborations in new drug research and development and further discussed the main factors driving such collaborations in China. The main results are as follows: firstly, there are differences in actor composition across various stages of new drug R&D. Universities and research institutions are key actors in the pre-clinical trial phase, whereas enterprises play a dominant role during the clinical trial phase. Secondly, overall, the topological structure of China's new drug R&D collaboration network has evolved from a “dual-core” driven pattern to a “dual-core+multi-polar” driven pattern. The “dual-core” refers to Beijing and Shanghai, while the “multi-polar” nodes include cities such as Suzhou, Guangzhou, Chengdu, and Nanjing. Moreover, the spatial configuration of the collaboration network differs significantly between the pre-clinical and clinical trial phases. Thirdly, in the pre-clinical trial phase, urban R&D collaborations tend to shift from internal to external partnerships, whereas the direction of this shift is reversed during the clinical trial phase. Fourthly, geographical proximity plays a significant role in all stages of new drug R&D collaboration, while factors such as technological and institutional proximity exhibit certain phase-specific and stage-dependent variations.

This paper aims to further give full play to the important role of drug traceability codes in maintaining drug safety and public interests, and overcome the problem of information asymmetry in the field of medical insurance funds. By listing the interest subjects in the supervision of medical insurance funds, analyzing the manifestations of information asymmetry among multiple subjects, and with the help of the theory of information asymmetry, dissecting the problems in aspects such as information disclosure, acquisition, transmission and feedback in supervision. Based on a full understanding of the collection mechanism of drug traceability codes, as well as their existing advantages and disadvantages, and drawing on beneficial practices abroad, we explore new paths for them to empower the supervision of medical insurance funds. The construction of the drug traceability code system in our country is at a critical stage, with problems such as inaccurate information, difficult interpretation and poor sharing. Therefore, it is suggested that the drug traceability code be optimized from the four modules of information disclosure, update, sharing and release, the medical insurance fund settlement system be improved, the training of underwriting personnel be strengthened, the responsibility for fraud and deception in medical insurance be seriously pursued in accordance with the law, the construction of the talent team be improved and the public be encouraged to participate in supervision.

As critical biological products related to public health security, vaccines require specialized quality regulation with strategic significance. Against the backdrop of the implementation of the Vaccine Administration Law of the People's Republic of China, this study focuses on China's resident vaccine inspector system. Through in-depth interviews with 19 stakeholders from regulatory agencies and vaccine enterprises, combined with policy text analysis, the research systematically examines the operational mechanisms and implementation outcomes of the system. It was revealed that the resident inspector system, underpinned by a preventive regulatory model of “on-site facility supervision, risk early warning, and rectification closed-loop”, demonstrates significant efficacy in controlling quality risks at the source and enhancing corporate compliance. However, there exist structural challenges, including discontinuities in talent echelons, fragmented training systems, insufficient incentive mechanisms, lagging digital capabilities, and immature coordination mechanisms between dispatched inspections and daily supervision. To address these issues, the study proposes a five-in-one optimization framework integrating “professional talent selection, systematic training, quantitative evaluation, technological empowerment, and mechanism linkage”. Specific recommendations include establishing cross-regional talent-sharing mechanisms to alleviate workforce shortages, adopting a combined training model of “theoretical learning, practical drills, and simulated inspections” to enhance competency, develop a KPI assessment system based on risk detection metrics and corporate satisfaction, strengthen digital system operation training and information and intelligent terminal equipment, enhance the coordinated development of dispatched inspection and daily supervision. The research provides theoretical support for improving the vaccine lifecycle regulatory system, offers practical insights for enhancing regulatory precision and mitigating systemic quality risks.

In the past two decades, the technology of compression-coated tablets has developed and progressed rapidly. Particularly, for the stepwise compression-coating technology, both the machine production capacity and the tablets quality have been greatly improved. And because the application of new excipients and new pharmaceutical technology, the prescription design ideas have been much optimized. Zero-order release tablets, pulsatile drug delivery tablets, floating drug delivery tablets, and colonic drug delivery tablets can be produced by compression coating technology, which can make blood drug concentrations more stable, improve the bioavailability of drugs or reduce adverse drug reactions, so the treatment of some diseases can be improved by these drug delivery tablets.

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary, paroxysmal contractions of the facial muscles, typically caused by compression or demyelination of the facial nerve. It is often associated with facial distortion and twitching, significantly affecting the patient's quality of life. Traditional pharmacological treatments, such as anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, and muscle relaxants, can provide some symptom relief, but their efficacy is limited, and side effects are prominent. In recent years, botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has emerged as the first-line clinical treatment for HFS. BTX-A works by inhibiting acetylcholine release at the nerve terminal, blocking the signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction, and reducing muscle overactivity. Additionally, it modulates the excitability of the central nervous system and improves neural plasticity, facilitating the recovery of facial nerve function and further alleviating HFS symptoms. This article systematically reviews the mechanism of action and clinical research of BTX-A in the treatment of HFS, analyzes current challenges in its use, and explores its future prospects in the treatment of HFS, aiming to provide safer, more effective, and personalized treatment options for HFS patients.

This study employs cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) to precisely evaluate the physical stability of liposomes in situ. Cryo-EM eliminates the need for drying and staining, thereby preserving the native morphology of liposomes to the greatest extent. It clearly reveals the bilayer membrane structure and the spatial distribution of encapsulated substances, overcoming issues such as deformation, hydration layer interference, and probe convolution effects associated with traditional characterization methods. Cryo-EM enables efficient and intuitive assessment of liposome morphology, particle size, size distribution, and the state of encapsulated materials. Cryo-EM provides reliable scientific evidence and quality control standards for the development and optimization of liposomal formulations. Ultimately, it enhances the consistency and comparability of drug development and production, meeting the growing clinical demands.

Objective: To systematically investigate the dynamic tissue distribution and tumor-targeting characteristics of memory T cells in non-tumor-bearing and tumor-bearing NCG mouse models using validated qPCR and in vivo imaging techniques. Methods: A total of 144 NCG mice were randomly divided into non-tumor-bearing control, tumor-bearing control, non-tumor-bearing treatment, and tumor-bearing treatment groups. The treatment groups received a single intravenous injection of 1×10⁷ memory T cells per mouse, while the control groups received vehicle only. In vivo imaging was performed on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-administration. Tissues and body fluids were collected at the same time points, and the genomic distribution of memory T cells was quantified by qPCR. Results: In non-tumor-bearing mice, memory T cells were initially (day 1~3) distributed mainly in highly perfused organs such as the lung, spleen, and liver, followed by a rapid decline and near clearance by day 14. In tumor-bearing mice, the early distribution pattern resembled that in non-tumor-bearing animals; however, starting from day 14 onward, significant tumor enrichment was observed and persisted until day 28, accompanied by a concurrent decrease in cell concentrations in non-target tissues. Conclusion: Memory T cells demonstrate a trend of rapid clearance in the absence of antigenic stimulation, whereas in the presence of tumor, they exhibit antigen-driven tumor homing and long-term persistence capabilities.

Objective: To establish the identification and content determination methods of Qi Feng Er Teng Granules. Methods: TLC was used for identification and HPLC was used for content determination. Results: The TLC method allowed effective identification of all crude drugs in the formulation. The calibration curves of paeoniflorin, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, calycosin-7-glucoside, 5-O-methylvisammioside, icariin, sinomenine, and astragaloside IV showed good linearity in the range of 9.01～45.1，1.69～8.44，1.04～5.20，1.32～6.59，4.35～21.7，13.5～67.5，101～506 μg·mL^－1, respectively. The average recovery rate of sample addition was within the range of 95.0% to 105.0% (RSD＜3.2%). Conclusion: The TLC and HPLC methods established in this study for Qi Feng Er Teng Granules have strong specificity, high sensitivity and good reproducibility, and can be used for the quality control of Qi Feng Er Teng Granules.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of chamomile tablets in the treatment of pediatric otolaryngological diseases and explore its clinical application characteristics. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on medical records of children aged 1~14 years who were prescribed chamomile tablets at multiple hospitals in Guangdong Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region between October 2015 and October 2024. Data including demographic information, clinical diagnoses, medication details (dosage, frequency, and duration), changes in clinical symptoms before and after treatment, and relevant laboratory test results were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4 software. Results: A total of 7 485 patients were included, with school-aged and preschool-aged children accounting for 83.7% of the cohort. Xiangju Tablets were primarily used for the treatment of pediatric allergic rhinitis (3 075 cases), pediatric sinusitis (1 291 cases), chronic tonsillitis and adenoid-related diseases (997 cases), as well as chronic rhinitis, nasopharyngitis, and pharyngitis (1 836 cases). The most common regimen was 1~2 tablets administered three times daily. The combination use rate of Xiangju Tablets reached 96.77%, and it is often combined with antihistamines and corticosteroids to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Laboratory findings indicated improvements in liver function and immune parameters. No serious adverse events were observed during the study period. Conclusion: Xiangju Tablets demonstrate favorable efficacy in the treatment of pediatric otolaryngological diseases. Overall, this drug exhibits a good safety profile and represent an effective therapeutic option for children with otolaryngological conditions, showing promising clinical potential. However, the current data are insufficient to fully confirm its independent efficacy and specific role in combination therapy, and its clinical application value still needs to be further verified by higher-quality studies.